Bibliography
Bibliography — Tobacco
This section contains articles that address
factors associated with health behavior and health status
and school-based strategies for tobacco use prevention among
children and adolescents.
Research
Randomized Trials on Consider This, a Tailored, Internet-Delivered Smoking Prevention Program for Adolescents
David B. Buller, Ron Borland, W. Gill Woodall, John R. Hall, Joan M. Hines, Patricia Burris-Woodall, Gary R. Cutter, Caroline Miller, James Balmford, Randall Starling, Bryan Ax, and Laura Saba
Health Education & Behavior, Apr 2008; vol. 35: pp. 260 - 281.
The Internet may be an effective medium for delivering smoking prevention to children. Consider this, an Internet-based program, was hypothesized to reduce expectations concerning smoking and smoking prevalence. Group-randomized pretest-posttest controlled trials were conducted in Australia (n = 2,077) and the United States (n = 1,234) in schools containing Grades 6 through 9. Australian children using Consider This reported reduced 30-day smoking prevalence. This reduction was mediated by decreased subjective norms. The amount of program exposure was low in many classes, but program use displayed a dose-response relationship with reduced smoking prevalence. American children only reported lower expectations for smoking in the future. Intervening to prevent smoking is a challenge, and this data suggest small benefits from an Internet-based program that are unlikely to be of practical significance unless increased by improved implementation. Implementation remains the major challenge to delivering interventions via the Internet, both for health educators and researchers.
Public Health Campaigns to Change Industry Practices That Damage Health: An Analysis of 12 Case Studies
Nicholas Freudenberg, Sarah Picard Bradley and Monica Serrano
Health Education & Behavior 2009; 36; 230 originally published online Dec 12, 2007;
Industry practices such as advertising, production of unsafe products, and efforts to defeat health legislation play a major role in current patterns of U.S. ill health. Changing these practices may be a promising strategy to promote health. The authors analyze 12 campaigns designed to modify the health-related practices of U.S. corporations in the alcohol, automobile, food and beverage, firearms, pharmaceutical, and tobacco industries. The objectives are to examine the interactions between advocacy campaigns and industry opponents; explore the roles of government, researchers, and media; and identify characteristics of campaigns that are effective in changing health-damaging practices. The authors compared campaigns that operate at different levels of organization and use different strategies. Findings suggest that many campaigns achieve policy or mobilization outcomes that may contribute to improved health; local campaigns may be more effective than national ones; and advocates frequently frame their campaigns on the themes of children's health and social justice.
Applying Community-Based Participatory Research Principles to the Development of a Smoking-Cessation Program for American Indian Teens: “Telling Our Story”
Kimberly Horn, Lyn McCracken, Geri Dino, and Missy Brayboy
Health Education & Behavior, Feb 2008; vol. 35: pp. 44 - 69.
Community-based participatory research pro vides communities and researchers with opportunities to develop interventions that are effective as well as accept able and culturally competent. The present project responds to the voices of the North Carolina American Indian (AI) community and the desire for their youth to recognize tobacco addiction and commercial cigarette smoking as debilitating to their health and future. Seven community-based participatory principles led to the AI adaptation of the Not On Tobacco teen-smoking cessation program and fostered sound research and meaningful result s among an historically exploited population. Success was attributed to values-driven, community-based principles that (a) assured recognition of a community-driven need, (b) built on strengths of the tribes, (c) nurtured partner ships in all project phases, (d) integrated the community’s cultural knowledge, (e) produced mutually beneficial tools/products, (f) built capacity through co-learning and empowerment, (g) used an iterative process of development, and (h) shared findings/knowledge with all partners.
Lunchtime Practices and Problem Behaviors Among Multiethnic Urban Youth
Tracy R. Nichols, Amanda S. Birnbaum, Kylie Bryant, and Gilbert J. Botvin
Health Education & Behavior, Jun 2009; vol. 36: pp. 570 - 582.
Research has begun to show associations between adolescents' mealtime practices and their engagement in problem behaviors. Few studies have addressed this longitudinally and/or examined lunchtime practices during the school day. This study tests for associations between urban multiethnic middle school students' (N = 1498) lunchtime practices in the sixth grade and their engagement in problem behaviors by eighth grade. Positive associations were found between not eating lunch at school in the sixth grade and increased drug use and delinquency by eighth grade. Eating lunch outside of school was found to be significantly associated with smoking and marijuana use only. Gender differences in associations between lunchtime practices and problem behaviors were suggested. Implications for school policy and prevention efforts are discussed.
Implementation of Possession Laws and the Social Ecology of Tobacco Control
William C. Livingood, Lynn D. Woodhouse, and Peter Wludyka
Health Education & Behavior 2009; 36; 214 originally published online Dec 12, 2007;
The objective of this evaluation research was to assess the impact of programs intended to support the enforcement component of a comprehensive youth tobacco control. The research method was a survey of a randomly stratified cluster sample of law enforcement officers. Results of the evaluation showed that the enforcement behaviors of officers were increased through the state programs to support tobacco enforcement activities. The study showed that support for implementing a policy is important to achieve the objectives of a policy. The results of a study of the enforcement component of a Florida tobacco control program are reported and discussed within the ecological context of previously reported enforcement-linked decreases in youth tobacco use and funding and defunding of the Florida Tobacco Control Program.
Evaluation of Community Action Against Asthma: A Community Health Worker Intervention to Improve Children's Asthma-Related Health by Reducing Household Environmental Triggers for Asthma
Edith A. Parker, Barbara A. Israel, Thomas G. Robins, Graciela Mentz, Xihong Lin, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Erminia Ramirez, Katherine K. Edgren, Maria Salinas, and Toby C. Lewis
Health Education & Behavior, Jun 2008; vol. 35: pp. 376 - 395.
This article describes the evaluation of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) community health worker (CHW) intervention to improve children's asthma-related health by reducing household environmental triggers for asthma. After randomization to an intervention or control group, 298 households in Detroit, Michigan, with a child, aged 7 to 11, with persistent asthma symptoms participated. The intervention was effective in increasing some of the measures of lung function (daily nadir Forced Expiratory Volume at one second [p = .03] and daily nadir Peak Flow [p = .02]), reducing the frequency of two symptoms ("cough that won't go away," "coughing with exercise"), reducing the proportion of children requiring unscheduled medical visits and reporting inadequate use of asthma controller medication, reducing caregiver report of depressive symptoms, reducing concentrations of dog allergen in the dust, and increasing some behaviors related to reducing indoor environmental triggers. The results suggest a CHW environmental intervention can improve children's asthma-related health, although the pathway for improvement is complex.
Focus Groups of Alaska Native Adolescent Tobacco Users: Preferences for Tobacco Cessation Interventions and Barriers to Participation
Christi A. Patten, Carrie Enoch, Caroline C. Renner, Kenneth P. Offord, Caroline Nevak, Stacy F. Kelley, Janet Thomas, Paul A. Decker, Richard D. Hurt, Anne Lanier, and Judith S. Kaur
Health Education & Behavior (November 29, 2007)
Tobacco cessation interventions developed for Alaska Native adolescents do not exist. This study employed focus group methodology to explore preferences for tobacco cessation interventions and barriers to participation among 49 Alaska Natives (61% female) with a mean age of 14.6 (SD = 1.6) who resided in western Alaska. Using content analysis, themes from the 12 focus groups were found to be consistent across village, gender, and age groups. Program location or site (e.g., away from the village, hunting, fishing), a group-based format, and inclusion of medication and personal stories were reported to be important attributes of cessation programs. Motivators to quit tobacco were the perceived adverse health effects of tobacco, improved self-image and appearance, and the potential to be a future role model as a non–tobacco user for family and friends. Parents were perceived as potentially supportive to the adolescent in quitting tobacco. The findings will be used to develop tobacco cessation programs for Alaska Native youth.
Ecodevelopmental x Intrapersonal Risk: Substance Use and Sexual Behavior in Hispanic Adolescents
Guillermo J. Prado, Seth J. Schwartz, Mildred Maldonado-Molina, Shi Huang, Hilda M. Pantin, Barbara Lopez and Jose Szapocznik
Health Education and Behavior 2009; 36; 45 originally published online Mar 6, 2008;
Hispanic adolescents are a rapidly growing population and are highly vulnerable to substance abuse and HIV infection. Many interventions implemented thus far have been “one size fits all” models that deliver the same dosage and sequence of modules to all participants. To more effectively prevent substance use and HIV in Hispanic adolescents, different risk profiles must be considered. This study’s purpose is to use intrapersonal and ecodevelopmental risk processes to identify Hispanic adolescent subgroups and to compare substance use rates and sexual behavior by risk subgroup. The results indicate that a larger proportion with high ecodevelopmental risk (irrespective of the intrapersonal risk for substance use) report lifetime and past 90-day cigarette and illicit drug use. In contrast, a larger proportion with high intrapersonal risk for unsafe sex (irrespective of ecodevelopmental risk) report early sex initiation and sexually transmitted disease incidence. Implications for intervention development are discussed in terms of these Hispanic adolescent subgroups.
Diffusion of Clean Indoor Air Ordinances in the Southwestern United States
Everett M. Rogers and Jeffery C. Peterson
Health Education & Behavior, Oct 2008; vol. 35: pp. 683 - 697.
The authors investigate the process through which clean indoor air ordinances were considered in 10 communities in the southwestern United States and key factors that influenced diffusion and adoption. Clean indoor air ordinances, which ban smoking in public places, were adopted in approximately 1,409 U.S. communities from 1986 to April 2004. The authors gathered data from 10 communities in New Mexico and Texas by means of face-to-face interview, e-mail, and telephone interviews and by analyzing archival materials. Important influences on the adoption or rejection of clean indoor air ordinances were (a) personal experiences of policy champions, (b) local framing of the ordinance as a public health issue versus as an economic/ business or an individual rights issue, and (c) interpersonal networks connecting a community to previously adopting communities. The policies that were adopted ranged in comprehensiveness, with each community of study reinventing model policies obtained from other communities.
Mass Media for Smoking Cessation in Adolescents
Laura J. Solomon, PhD, Janice Y. Bunn, PhD, Brian S. Flynn, ScD, Phyllis L. Pirie, PhD, John K. Worden, PhD, and Takamaru Ashikaga, PhD
Health Education & Behavior (June 29, 2007)
Theory-driven, mass media interventions prevent smoking among youth. This study examined effects of a media campaign on adolescent smoking cessation. Four matched pairs of media markets in four states were randomized to receive or not receive a 3-year television/radio campaign aimed at adolescent smoking cessation based on social cognitive theory. The authors enrolled 2,030 adolescent smokers into the cohort (n = 987 experimental; n = 1,043 comparison) and assessed them via annual telephone surveys for 3 years. Although the condition by time interaction was not significant, the proportion of adolescents smoking in the past month was significantly lower in the experimental than comparison condition at 3-year follow-up when adjusted for baseline smoking status. The media campaign did not impact targeted mediating variables. A media campaign based on social cognitive constructs produced a modest overall effect on smoking prevalence among adolescents, but the role of theory-based constructs is unclear.
Perceptions of Smoking and Nonsmoking Peers: The Value of Smoker and Nonsmoker Prototypes in Predicting Smoking Onset and Regular Smoking Among Adolescents
Renske Spijkerman, Regina J. J. M. Van Den Eijnden, Rutger C. M. E. Engels
Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 34, No. 6, 897-910 (2007)
Adolescents' perceptions of persons their age who smoke cigarettes (also known as prototypes of smoking peers) play a critical role in an adolescent's decision to start smoking. However, adolescents' perceptions of their peers who do not smoke (prototypes of nonsmoking peers) could be implicated in adolescents' smoking decisions as well. In the present study, the authors examined the additional role of nonsmoker prototypes in adolescents' smoking onset and regular smoking. At seven high schools, Dutch students (n = 1,035) between the ages of 12 and 15 years who were attending the eighth grade provided self-reported data on their smoker and nonsmoker prototypes and smoking behavior during a baseline and 6-month follow-up measurement. Logistic regression analyses showed that both smoker and nonsmoker prototypes assessed at Time 1 predicted smoking onset by Time 2 among nonsmoking adolescents. However, only nonsmoker prototypes predicted regular smoking among adolescents who smoked occasionally at baseline.
The Dose-Response Relationship of Adolescent Religious Activity and Substance Use: Variation Across Demographic Groups
Kenneth J. Steinman, Amy K. Ferketich, and Timothy Sahr
Health Education & Behavior, Feb 2008; vol. 35: pp. 22 - 43.
This article addresses two inconsistent findings in the literature on adolescent religious activity (RA) and substance use: whether a dose-response relationship characterizes the association of these variables, and whether the association varies by grade, gender, ethnicity, family structure, school type, and type of sub stance. Multinomial logistic regression analyses of a large, diverse data set of high school students in metropolitan Columbus, Ohio (n = 33,007), found marked differences in alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among youths who never, occasionally, or regularly participated in RA. Weekly RA was consistently associated with less substance use, yet occasional RA some times was associated with greater use. Four groups accounted for variations in the RA-sub stance use relation ship: African American youths, younger White youths, 12th-grade White males, and 12th-grade White females. Researchers should avoid assuming the RA-sub stance use relation ship is dose-response and consider the implications of this complexity for theory and practice.
Practice
This section contains articles addressing the effectiveness and practical application of child and adolescent school health tobacco use prevention programs and policies.
A State-Based Model of Prevention: Indiana’s Example
Jon Agley and Ruth Gassman
Health Promotion Practice, Apr 2008; vol. 9: pp. 199 - 204.
Public health officials in the United States have battled alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use among adolescents for the past few decades, but only in 2002 did they begin to see a decline in rates of use. ATOD use and abuse are associated with numerous problems, including criminal behavior and increased adolescent morbidity and mortality rates. Researchers have sought to identify best-practice procedures for ATOD prevention; the state of Indiana has a strong ATOD prevention system in place that has the potential to serve as a model for other U.S. localities because of its best-practice approach to public health services. This article outlines the activities of the Indiana Prevention Resource Center to provide an example to strengthen public health professionals’ ability to prevent ATOD use and abuse and to provide for a healthy adolescent population.
Integrating a School-Based Health Intervention in Times of High-Stakes Testing: Lessons Learned From Full Court Press
Merrill Eisenberg
Health Promotion Practice, Apr 2009; vol. 10: pp. 284 - 292.
Because of the growing focus on the production of favorable academic standardized test scores, schools have become increasingly resistant to sponsoring nonacademic programming, such as tobacco cessation services for students. Nevertheless, the need for such programs has not diminished. The purpose of this article is to provide descriptive information about the logistics of establishing and delivering a health intervention in schools that are resistant to nonacademic programming. The data were collected as part of a qualitative retrospective process evaluation of Full Court Press, a 5-year youth tobacco demonstration project funded by the Robert Woods Johnson Foundation and implemented in Tucson, Arizona. Lessons learned about recruiting schools, integrating programs, and managing facilitators are presented.
Ethnic Disparities in Youth Access to Tobacco: California Statewide Results, 1999-2003
Hope Landrine, Irma Corral, Elizabeth A. Klonoff, Jennifer Jensen, Kennon Kashima, Norval Hickman, and Jonathan Martinez
Health Promotion Practice, May 2008; vol. 0: pp. 1524839908317230v1.
The authors examined the role of youth ethnicity in youth access to tobacco with large, random samples of stores and large samples of ethnically diverse youths for the first time. From 1999 through 2003, White, Black, Latino, and Asian youths made 3,361 cigarette purchase attempts (approximately 700 per year) statewide. Analyses revealed that Black youths had significantly higher access than other youths and that access rates for Black and Asian (but not Latino or White) youths exceeded the Synar-mandated ≤ 20%. Clerks who failed to demand youth proof of age identification (ID) sold 95% of the tobacco that youths received and sold significantly more often to minorities and to girls, whereas clerks who demanded youth ID sold equally infrequently to all youths. These findings highlight significant ethnic disparities in youth access to tobacco and imply that those might be eliminated by policies and interventions that increase clerk demands for youth ID.
Health Policy and Exercise: A Brief BRFSS Study and Recommendations
James S. Larson and Mylon Winn
Health Promotion Practice, May 2008; vol. 0: pp. 1524839908318287v1.
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey is used to compare three predictors of self-rated health, specifically exercise, tobacco smoking, and a diagnosis of diabetes (a proxy for obesity). Exercise is found to be the best predictor, and the remainder of the article discusses the role of exercise in disease prevention and the all-important concept of exercise adherence. Government policy in the future needs to promote exercise adherence in a more rigorous way, because it is a key to both individual and societal health. Exercise habits need to be instilled from youth, and physical education requirements in school need to be re-established at all levels through high school. Adults also need encouragement with better neighborhood planning of exercise trails for walking and biking, as well as planned community activities to encourage fitness through one’s lifetime. The article concludes with six recommendations for formal government action to encourage exercise adherence.
Surveillance Recommendations for Developing Effective Tobacco Prevention and Control Interventions for Low-SES Populations
Galen Louis
Health Promotion Practice, Apr 2009; vol. 10: pp. 276 - 283.
On October 6 and 7, 2005, a diverse panel of experts was invited to Atlanta, Georgia by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Smoking and Health to discuss, explore, and share their ideas on how to identify and subsequently plan effective interventions with low socioeconomic status populations in regard to tobacco prevention and control. The invited participants had expertise in three areas: surveillance and evaluation, program planning, and health communications. This article summarizes the methods, processes, discussions, and recommendations that emerged from the surveillance and evaluation group. Current surveillance systems have had success at identifying high-risk populations, but usually at the national or state level. Interventions occur at the local level, and current data are woefully inadequate in providing direction as far as programming planning. It is recommended that an eight-step approach be used for surveillance and monitoring that includes qualitative data collection and participatory planning models.
Using Drama to Prevent Teen Smoking: Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of Crossroads in Hawai’i
Diane B. Mitschke, Karen Loebl, Elitei Tatafu, Jr., Doris Segal Matsunaga, and Kevin Cassel
Health Promotion Practice, Mar 2008; vol. 0: pp. 1524839907309869v1
The use of drama as a preventive education measure has demonstrated success in various health promotion venues and offers promise in promoting positive youth attitudes and behavior change related to tobacco use. Especially important is a need to implement culturally relevant methods to reach youth. This article describes the development and implementation of a tobacco prevention drama for Asian and Pacific Islander youth. The resulting play, Crossroads, features a soap opera-style drama interspersed with humorous vignettes and multimedia effects and incorporates cultural cues, mannerisms, dress, and values consistent with Asian and Pacific Islander youth culture. Evaluation data indicate that the drama has an effect on audience knowledge, attitudes, and intended behavior, including a change in future intent to smoke cigarettes and the ability of audience members to develop connections with the characters in the play and apply concepts that are presented in the play to their own lives.
Collecting Health Data With Youth at Faith-Based Institutions: Lessons Learned
Bonita Reinert, Vivien Carver, Lillian M. Range, and Chris Pike
Health Promotion Practice, Jan 2008; vol. 9: pp. 68 - 75.
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are ideal for health promotion but can present unique challenges in data collection. The present initiative included 6 years of awards to mostly small, rural, predominantly African American FBOs to conduct tobacco prevention lessons for youth in Grades 4—6 while they were attending summer Vacation Bible School. In 2005, these awards included $1,500 disbursed to 64 geographically diverse FBOs who had never before received this funding. Lessons learned include the following: Plan for evaluation in every aspect of the project; pilot-test everything; use reminders judiciously; make backup plans at every step; personally collect data in a nonthreatening way; and safeguard data entry. Evaluation requires extensive time, money, and effort; so, in both the intermediate and the long run, this extra work is worth it.
Informing Best Practice With Community Practice: The Community Change Chronicle Method for Program Documentation and Evaluation
Sheryl A. Scott and Scott Proescholdbell
Health Promotion Practice, Jan 2009; vol. 10: pp. 102 - 110.
Health promotion professionals are increasingly encouraged to implement evidence-based programs in health departments, communities, and schools. Yet translating evidence-based research into practice is challenging, especially for complex initiatives that emphasize environmental strategies to create community change. The purpose of this article is to provide health promotion practitioners with a method to evaluate the community change process and document successful applications of environmental strategies. The community change chronicle method uses a five-step process: first, develop a logic model; second, select outcomes of interest; third, review programmatic data for these outcomes; fourth, collect and analyze relevant materials; and, fifth, disseminate stories. From 2001 to 2003, the authors validated the use of a youth empowerment model and developed eight community change chronicles that documented the creation of tobacco-free schools policies (n = 2), voluntary policies to reduce secondhand smoke in youth hangouts (n = 3), and policy and program changes in diverse communities (n = 3).
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